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Aggression. --- Drug. --- Drugs. --- Estradiol. --- Hierarchically. --- Hormone. --- Hormones. --- Isolation. --- Lsd. --- Male-mice. --- Male. --- Mice. --- Reserpine.

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Behavior. --- Male-mice. --- Male. --- Mating behavior. --- Mating. --- Mice. --- Olfactory bulb. --- Olfactory.

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With recent advances in molecular genetics, the popularity of mice as subjects for behavioral neuroscience is increasing at an exponential rate. Unfortunately, the existing body of knowledge on sexual behavior in male mice is not large and many basic gaps exist. The assumption that what is true of rats is also true of mice is a dangerous one that can misdirect and, in the worst case, impede progress. We summarize the current knowledge about the sexual behavior of male mice, with an emphasis on hormonal bases of these behaviors. Behavioral differences between strains, developmental actions of steroids, activational actions of steroids given peripherally and in the brain, and data generated in various receptor knockout and related mice are discussed. In addition, suggestions are made for the standardization of experimental protocols used in investigations of the sexual physiology and behavior of male mice in order to facilitate between-experiment and between-laboratory comparisons and to expedite the growth of knowledge in this area. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

2 inbred strains. --- Androgen receptor. --- Area. --- Behavior. --- Brain. --- Castrated male-mice. --- Dangerous. --- Estrogen receptor. --- Estrogen-receptor-alpha. --- Genetic. --- Genetics. --- Growth. --- Hormonal. --- In-house mice. --- Inbred strain. --- Intracranial androgenic activation. --- Investigation. --- Knockout. --- Male mice. --- Male-mice. --- Male-typical behaviors. --- Male. --- Masculinization. --- Medial preoptic area. --- Mice. --- Mouse mus-musculus. --- Need. --- Neuroscience. --- Nitric-oxide synthase. --- Peripherally. --- Physiology. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Receptor. --- Review. --- Sexual behavior. --- Sexual physiology. --- Sexual-behavior. --- Sexual. --- Standardization. --- Steroid. --- Steroids. --- Swiss-webster mice. --- Time.

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Several objects were evaluated to determine their effect on activities of mice, Time of interaction and time spent in various activities were recorded after placing the objects in cages with mice, Mice were housed separately in solid-bottom cages with hardwood bedding, The objects were a marble, a tunnel created from a 5.5 x 10-cm piece of polyvinyl chloride pipe that was split horizontally in half; and a cellulose nestlet, Control groups were provided with bedding only, Three strains/stocks of male mice were used, Mice were videotaped for 360 min during the dark cycle, using a video camera and infrared light source, Tapes were viewed, and amount of time spent in various activities was recorded. Mice spent 3.58 min interacting with the marble, 50.16 min interacting with the tunnel, and 271.00 min interacting with the nestlet. Times were all significantly different from one another, Other activities were also evaluated to indicate whether the introduction of the objects produced differences in times of activities, The only differences were seen in the group with nestlets in which time spent digging was reduced, compared with the control group. Mice spent a mean of 36 min digging in bedding, suggesting that bedding served as an important enrichment device. In summary, mice interacted with several of the objects evaluated in this study

Activity. --- Bedding. --- Cage. --- Control. --- Digging. --- Enrichment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Group. --- Infrared. --- Interaction. --- Light. --- Male-mice. --- Male. --- Mice. --- Object. --- Objects. --- Preference. --- Time. --- Video.

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Due to their aggressive nature, male mice are less frequently used than female mice in biomedical research. When aggressive males are being used, individual housing is common practice. The question arises whether this is an acceptable housing for a social species. The present study was designed to gain more insight into the nature of inter-male social contact and into the potential of a form of environmental enrichment (nesting material) to compensate for the lack of social contact. In a series of tests, we analysed whether male mice of different ages preferred to spend time (1) near a familiar cage mate versus an empty cage, or (2) near to a familiar cage mate versus direct contact with nesting material (tissues). Dwelling time in each of the test cages and sleeping sites was recorded, as was the behaviour of the test mice. Results indicated that when other conditions were similar, male mice preferred to sleep in close proximity to their familiar cage mate. Furthermore, the need to engage in active social behaviour increased with age. Tissues were used to a large extent for sleeping and sleep-related behaviour. it is concluded that single housing in order to avoid aggression between male mice is a solution with evident negative consequences for the animals. When individual housing is inevitable due to excessive aggressive behaviour, the presence of nesting material could partly compensate for the deprivation of social contact

Age. --- Aggression. --- Aggressive-behavior. --- Aggressive. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Behaviour. --- Biomedical research. --- Biomedical. --- Cage. --- Cages. --- Consequences. --- Contact. --- Decreases. --- Deprivation. --- Different ages. --- Enrichment. --- Environmental enrichment. --- Female mice. --- Female. --- Housing conditions. --- Housing. --- Individual housing. --- Laboratory mice. --- Laboratory. --- Male laboratory mice. --- Male mice. --- Male-mice. --- Male. --- Males. --- Mice. --- Modulation. --- Motivation. --- Mouse. --- Mus-musculus l. --- Need. --- Nesting material. --- Preference. --- Proximity. --- Rats. --- Research. --- Sleep. --- Social behaviour. --- Social contact. --- Social. --- Test. --- Tests. --- Time.